Leave to amend freely given absent undue delay, bad faith, repeated failure to cure, undue prejudice, or futility; denial without reason is abuse of discretion
Civil Procedure — FRCP 15 amendments
Rule 15(c)(1)(C) “mistake” inquiry focuses on what the prospective defendant knew or should have known, not on the plaintiff’s diligence
“Conduct, transaction, or occurrence” construed in habeas amendments — often cited by analogy (use carefully in ordinary civil cases)
Due-process limits on adding a party and imposing judgment without opportunity to respond — amendment and party-addition caution
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