Plausibility standard applies to all civil cases; disregard conclusory allegations; context-specific judgment using experience and common sense
Civil Procedure — FRCP 8 9 12 pleadings and motions
Rule 8 requires factual allegations plausibly suggesting entitlement to relief; retires Conley “no set of facts” as the sufficiency standard
PSLRA scienter pleading — strong-inference standard in securities fraud (heightened statutory regime interacting with Rule 9)
Employment-discrimination complaint need not plead a prima facie case under the McDonnell Douglas evidentiary framework
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