Courts may not impose heightened pleading requirements for § 1983 claims beyond Rules 8 and 9
Civil Procedure — FRCP 8 9 12 pleadings and motions
Plausibility standard applies to all civil cases; disregard conclusory allegations; context-specific judgment using experience and common sense
Rule 8 requires factual allegations plausibly suggesting entitlement to relief; retires Conley “no set of facts” as the sufficiency standard
PSLRA scienter pleading — strong-inference standard in securities fraud (heightened statutory regime interacting with Rule 9)
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